Introduction

Pf3k is an international collaboration using the latest sequencing technologies to provide a high-resolution view of natural variation in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

Objectives & Coordination

The Pf3k project is led by researchers at the Broad Institute, the University of Oxford and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

Our primary goal is to undertake a comprehensive analysis of genome variation in 3,000 parasite samples representing the major malaria endemic regions of the world. In doing so, we’ll:

• Provide an open set of P. falciparum genome sequence data that captures common variation across multiple populations in different parts of the world
• Use a combination of short- and long-read sequencing technologies in controlled settings to establish standards for accuracy and completeness in the inference of P. falciparum genome sequence variation and to characterise the quality of information obtained from standard approaches
• Combine information from read-mapping, full de novo assembly, variant assembly and iterative reassembly of specific genes to obtain the most comprehensive resource on P. falciparum variation to date
• Develop new high-quality reference genomes that will increase the resolution and accuracy of variation analysis across the whole sample set
• Analyse the data to learn about parasite population structure, epidemiology and history, mutational and recombinational processes generating diversity, evolutionary processes including drug resistance and immune evasion, and how such phenomena differ between populations and regions

The primary output of the project will be an open access data resource with companion publications on genomic diversity and population genetics that together provide a detailed description of P. falciparum genome variation across the major malaria endemic regions.

Other outputs will include papers on methodology and standardisation of protocols for P. falciparum sequence analysis and genotyping calling. All of the underlying data will be made publicly available for use by the scientific community, initially under Fort Lauderdale conditions.

Scientific working groups will drive forward specific areas of analysis including statistics and population genetics (led by Gil McVean and Roberto Amato), technology benchmarking (led by Dan Neafsey and Jim Stalker) and reference genomes (led by Matt Berriman and Thomas Otto). The MalariaGEN Resource Centre will provide support for partner studies, data production pipelines, communications and project management. The Project is overseen by the Pf3k Management Committee that is comprised of working group leaders, with support from members of the MalariaGEN Resource Centre.

Pilot phase

The Pf3k project will have several discrete phases, beginning with a pilot phase which commenced in June 2014. During the pilot phase, the Project is analysing Illumina short-read sequence data on 2,512 samples from multiple locations in Africa and Asia, together with laboratory samples for benchmarking and methods development. The MalariaGEN P. falciparum Community Project and the Broad Institute, together with their partners, have contributed the samples for the pilot phase. The Project will generate genotype calls by a range of different methods, and will perform methodological comparisons and performance metrics.

Planned analyses

During the pilot phase, the Project is undertaking a series of planned analyses that will form the basis of a manuscript, ‘A global reference for genomic variation in Plasmodium falciparum‘, using Pilot Phase data (2,512 samples).

• Sequence data and quality including SNPs, short tandem repeats, haplotypes and patterns of linkage disequilibrium
• Population genetic phenomena such as population comparisons, mutation and recombination rates (haplotype structure and LD)
• Signals of selection and demographic analyses
• Merozoite surface proteins
• var genes and genes implicated in drug resistance

Removing Pf3k Pilot Phase Terms of Use

The Pf3K Pilot Phase Terms of Use were applied to Pilot Phase data releases when they were publically released. In September 2016 these restrictions have been lifted from Pf3k pilot data release packages 1-5 and the data are available open access.

Sampling locations

Bangladesh, Cambodia, Congo, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Laos, Malawi, Mali, Myanmar, Nigeria, Senegal, Thailand, Vietnam.

Data

The Project will publicly release data on a regular basis and prior to publication. Raw sequence reads will be deposited in either the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) or the NCBI. Alignments and variant calls will be released on individual samples, and data formats and software developed by the Project will be made publicly available. Associated sample information will be made available in the public domain through the MalariaGEN website and other public databases as appropriate. Public release of the data will be associated with contact information for the lead investigators that have contributed the samples.

At the time of their release, these data were subject to the Pf3k Pilot Phase Terms of Use. In September 2016, these restrictions were lifted and this dataset is now available open access.

Current

Partner studies

We work with investigators who are pursuing independent partner studies in a number of malaria-endemic countries. Click a link below to learn more about their work.

Publications

• Genomic analysis of Indian isolates of Plasmodium falciparum: Implications for drug resistance and virulence factors
  Choubey et al
  Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist, 2023; 22 52–60
  10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.05.003
• Population dynamics and drug resistance mutations in Plasmodium falciparum on the Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau
  Moss et al
  Scientific Reports, 2023; 13(1) 6311
  10.1038/s41598-023-33176-1
• Characterization of a novel Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen and potential vaccine target
  Niaré et al
  Frontiers Immunology, 2023; 14 1156806
  10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156806
• Potent acyl-CoA synthetase 10 inhibitors kill Plasmodium falciparum by disrupting triglyceride formation
  Bopp et al
  Nat Commun, 2023; 14(1455)
  10.1038/s41467-023-36921-2
• Genetic diversity and natural selection of rif gene (PF3D7_1254800) in the Plasmodium falciparum global populations
  Xu et al
  Mol Biochem Parasitol, 2023; 254 111558
  10.1016/j.molbiopara.2023.111558
• Short tandem repeat polymorphism in the promoter region of cyclophilin 19B drives its transcriptional upregulation and contributes to drug resistance in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
  Kucharski M et al
  PLOS Pathogens, 2023; 19(1) e1011118
  10.1371/journal.ppat.1011118
• Pf7: An open dataset of Plasmodium falciparum genome variation in 20,000 worldwide samples
  MalariaGEN et. al
  Wellcome Open Research, 2023; 8 22
  10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18681.1
• Unravelling var complexity: Relationship between DBLα types and var genes in Plasmodium falciparum
  Tan et al
  Front Parasitol, 2023; 1 1006341
  10.3389/fpara.2022.1006341
• Deconvolution of multiple infections in Plasmodium falciparum from high throughput sequencing data
  Zhu, Almagro-Garcia, McVean.
  Bioinformatics, 2017;
  10.1093/bioinformatics/btx530